Macroalgal meadow habitats support fish and fisheries in diverse tropical seascapes

Canopy‐forming macroalgae can construct extensive meadow habitats in tropical seascapes occupied by fishes that span a diversity of taxa, life‐history stages and ecological roles. Our synthesis assessed whether these tropical macroalgal habitats have unique fish assemblages, provide fish nurseries and support local fisheries. We also applied a meta‐analysis of independent surveys across 23 tropical reef locations in 11 countries to examine how macroalgal canopy condition is related to the abundance of macroalgal‐associated fishes. Over 627 fish species were documented in tropical macroalgal meadows, with 218 of these taxa exhibiting higher local abundance within this habitat (cf. nearby coral reef) during at least one life‐history stage. Major overlap (40%–43%) in local fish species richness among macroalgal and seagrass or coral reef habitats suggest macroalgal meadows may provide an important habitat refuge. Moreover, the prominence of juvenile fishes suggests macroalgal meadows facilitate the triphasic life cycle of many fishes occupying diverse tropical seascapes. Correlations between macroalgal canopy structure and juvenile abundance suggests macroalgal habitat condition can influence levels of replenishment in tropical fish populations, including the majority of macroalgal‐associated fishes that are targeted by commercial, subsistence or recreational fisheries. While many macroalgal‐associated fishery species are of minor commercial value, their local importance for food and livelihood security can be substantial (e.g. up to 60% of landings in Kenyan reef fisheries). Given that macroalgal canopy condition can vary substantially with sea temperature, there is a high likelihood that climate change will impact macroalgal‐associated fish and fisheries.     

海珍品人工增殖礁模型对刺参聚集效果影响的研究

针对目前海珍品增殖的需要,进行了刺参人工鱼礁增殖实验研究。实验共分为3部分进行,即无模型礁与有模型礁的对照实验、同种材料5种形状模型礁以及两种不同材料的三角形孔洞长方体礁对比实验。实验结果表明,各种形状的模型礁投入到养殖实验池中后对刺参的平均聚集率与不投放模型礁相比差异极显著;同为水泥制的5种模型礁投入后,圆管形模型礁对刺参的平均聚集率最高,与其他4种模型礁相比差异显著;两种不同材料的三角孔模型礁投入后对刺参的平均聚集率差异不显著,水泥制模型礁高于大理石制;利用石块投石造礁对刺参也具有一定的聚集效果。     

Artificial structures as tools for fish habitat rehabilitation in a neotropical reservoir

• 1. Since most of the natural habitats critical for freshwater fish survival have been adversely affected by human disturbance, the effectiveness of artificial structures in providing new and suitable habitats for fish has been increasingly investigated.
• 2. This paper evaluates the role of artificial structures as fish habitat in a structureless 30 km² Brazilian reservoir, through underwater surveys conducted monthly from April 1999 to March 2000.
• 3. In total, 5759 fish in nine species were recorded, but only three cichlid species—one native, Geophagus brasiliensis and two non‐native, Cichla kelberi and Tilapia rendalli—showed consistent association with the artificial habitats, suggesting that this family reacts to submerged structures.
• 4. The absence of fish at control sites compared with high occurrences in sites provided with a physically complex structure suggests that artificial structures can play an important ecological role for cichlids smaller than 150 mm TL, probably related to shelter and/or feeding benefits.
• 5. The level of structural complexity and position in the water column influenced fish use of artificial structures. C. kelberi was associated with highly complex structures, whereas moderately complex bottom structures were more effective in harbouring G. brasiliensis. Bottom structures are apparently more important than midwater structures in harbouring T. rendalli, but structural complexity seemed to play a secondary role.
• 6. This study is the first in demonstrating that adding complex artificial structures can expand habitats for small fish (<150 mm TL), especially cichlids, in a neotropical impoundment. It seems reasonable to expect that deploying physically complex structures in other oligotrophic, structureless and cichlid‐dominated impoundments in Brazil will lead to similar results to those found in this work.

Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

牡蛎礁修复的底物筛选：新、旧牡蛎壳附苗效果比较#br#

通过2019年室内和野外附着实验,检验了牡蛎壳(新壳和旧壳)和生物膜(有生物膜和无生物膜)对牡蛎附着量的影响。室内附着实验表明,在生物膜处理下新壳上牡蛎附着量显著高于旧壳(P<0.05);而在无生物膜对照组中,新、旧壳上牡蛎附着量无显著差异(P>0.05)。野外附着实验发现,生物膜显著提升了旧壳上牡蛎附着量,但对新壳上牡蛎附着量无显著影响。通过2020年野外附着实验,检验了牡蛎壳(新壳和旧壳)和潮区(滩面以上0.6 m和1.1 m)对牡蛎和藤壶附着量的影响。牡蛎附着量在每个潮区中,15 d、45 d和70 d时新壳均显著高于旧壳(P<0.05)。藤壶附着量仅在0.6 m潮区中、15 d时新壳显著高于旧壳,而45 d和70 d时,各潮区中新、旧壳上藤壶附着量均无显著差异(P>0.05)。研究发现,总体来看新壳的附苗效果好于旧壳,这种差异涵盖了整个牡蛎繁殖、附着及补充的高峰期。因此,牡蛎礁修复中应优先选取新壳作为底物。     

Effects of trap fishing on reef fish communities

• 1. Trap fishing is widespread on coral reefs but the sustainability of this practice is causing concern because it is efficient and unselective. The effects of trap fishing were investigated by comparing fish assemblages among six Caribbean islands subject to different trapping pressures. These ranged from none in Bonaire and Saba increasing through Puerto Rico, St Lucia, Dominica and Jamaica respectively.
• 2. Fish were censused at depths of 5 m and 15 m on fore‐reef slopes by counting the numbers within replicate 10 m diameter areas for 15 min. Between 64 and 1375 counts were made in each country.
• 3. In St Lucia and Jamaica abundance of fish censused on the reef was compared to representation in traps which were visually sampled underwater in the area of fish counts. Twenty‐three traps were sampled in Jamaica and 75 in St Lucia. For some comparisons between these islands, St Lucian sampling effort was reduced to that of Jamaica (23 traps and 112 counts) by randomly sub‐sampling 10 times.
• 4. Traps contained 54 different species in St Lucia and 22 in Jamaica, while there were 90 and 57 respectively in counts. After reducing St Lucian sampling effort to Jamaican levels, an average of 35 species were found in traps and 70 seen in counts. Of these, 76% in St Lucia and 73% in Jamaica were relatively more abundant in traps than they were on the reef.
• 5. Species were considered to be highly susceptible to trapping if the ratio of their abundance in traps compared to that on the reef exceeded 3:1. Trapping pressure was approximately three and a half times greater in Jamaica than St Lucia. After equalizing sampling effort, there was an average of 16 highly trappable species in St Lucia compared to 13 in Jamaica. Species did not always appear highly trappable in both countries. Eleven of St Lucia's highly trappable species were absent from Jamaica (falling to 8.5 on average after equalizing sampling effort), but none vice versa, suggesting that trapping may have contributed to their absence or rarity on Jamaican reefs.
• 6. The Tetraodontiformes, which include many non‐target species, were particularly susceptible to trapping in both countries. Their abundance in the six islands censused was inversely related to trap fishing pressure, as was that of two other non‐target families, butterflyfish (Chaetodontidae) and angelfish (Pomacanthidae).
• 7. To determine whether fish that are common in traps in St Lucia are reaching sexual maturity before capture, size frequency data for 23 species from a sample of trap catches were gathered and examined for their state of maturity. In seven species, more than a third of 705 trapped fish were immature, indicating that trap fishing causes growth over‐fishing (premature removal of fish), and calling into question the sustainability of yields for these species.
• 8. In conclusion, at the intensities seen in this study, trap fisheries cause serious over‐fishing, reduce biodiversity, and alter ecosystem structure. While commonly perceived as low impact, coral reef trap fisheries in the Caribbean and further afield, need tighter regulation and control.

Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

嵊泗人工鱼礁建设初期效果评价

基于2004年渔业资源的本底调查和2005年四个季度的跟踪调查结果，对嵊泗人工鱼礁一期工程的建设效应进行了初步评估，得到如下结果：（1）投礁后，礁区渔业资源生物量的相对变化率呈现上升趋势，平均增幅达75％，到了秋季生产力达到2004年同期的4倍多，而对照区的资源量则以36％的平均幅度减小；（2）投礁前，各个多样性指数相差不多，投礁后，鱼礁区的多样性值逐渐赶上并超过对照区，平均高出25％左右；（3）投礁前后，对照区的经济种种类数维持在10种左右，而鱼礁区随着礁体的投放，经济种增加，多达25种。结果表明，鱼礁投放后，鱼礁区生产力得到了提高，群落结构也得以明显改善，人工鱼礁的经济、生态效应已有良好的初步体现。     

圆洲岛近岸不同表面处理的鱼礁模板附着生物群落特征

为了解经过不同表面处理的人工鱼礁模板的附着生物群落特征,于2014年8月对大亚湾圆洲岛已投放的鱼礁模板进行采样调查.结果表明,共采集和鉴定出附着生物39种,黑缘牡蛎(Ostrea nigromarginata)占据附着生物优势种的绝对地位;经过表面处理的混凝土模块的附着生物生物量及丰度较高,而红砖、花岗岩板和未经表面处理的钢筋混凝土模板的附着生物生物量及丰度都很低;附着生物的生物量和丰度与其群落特征的变化未表现出一致的规律性.     

广东省海洋牧场发展现状、问题与对策

采用文献查阅、海域实地调查相结合的方法,总结国内外海洋牧场的发展与现状,分析广东人工鱼 礁、增殖放流和国家级海洋牧场示范区的建设历程,海洋牧场相关产业的发展现状和存在问题。广东建有 50 座 生态型人工鱼礁区、3 个大型人工鱼礁示范区、1 个地方人工鱼礁区和 15 个国家级海洋牧场示范区,合计海域 面积 1 499.68 km2 ,建造投放礁体 200.4 万空 m3 。目前广东海洋牧场存在管理机制不完善、发展理念和认识不统一、 用海海域权责不清、建设技术标准和规范缺乏、科技化程度低、产业化开发受限等问题。基于此,提出广东海 洋牧场发展的对策：坚持生态优先,加强多部门统筹协作;创建有利于市场化运作的管理模式;突破海域权属 问题;建立广东海洋牧场建设技术标准体系;加强广东海洋牧场建设的基础和关键共性技术研究;因地制宜建 立广东海洋牧场产业化模式。了解广东海洋牧场的发展现状,借鉴国内外相关经验探究海洋牧场产业的发展对策, 可为广东海洋牧场有效管理、高效可持续开发,以及实现广东海洋牧场三产融合发展提供参考。